Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

Polymer nanocomposites manifest a groundbreaking class of materials synthesized by embedding nanomaterials into a polymer matrix. This meticulous dispersion of nanoparticles, including ceramics, at the nanoscale drastically enhances the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of the conventional polymer. The resulting nanocomposites exhibit a s